cosmological argument has been one of the most significant philosophical and theological arguments in religious traditions of different religions. in the western theo-philosophical tradition, there have been both different interpretations and numerous criticisms presented about this argument. in this article, the most important of those arguments and their criticisms are both taken into conside...

one of the exegetical methods coming into focus in the contemporary era due to the efforts of allameh tabatabai and then by ayatollah javadi-amoli is the quran-to-quran interpretive method. various arguments have been proposed for the validity of this method. one of these is that the traditional islamic narratives consider the quran as the criterion for assessing the validity of narrative. by t...

although some piecemeal efforts have been made to investigate the validity and use of the iranian phd exam, no systematic project has been specifically carried out in this regard. the current study, hence, tried to attend to this void. as such, to ensure a balanced focus on test interpretation and test consequence, and to track evidence derived from a mixed–method study on the validity of irani...

In an effort to assess models of inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning, the authors, in 3 experiments, examined the effects of argument length and logical validity on evaluation of arguments. In Experiments 1a and 1b, participants were given either induction or deduction instructions for a common set of stimuli. Two distinct effects were observed: Induction judgments were more affected by...

Background Simulation plays a vital role in health professions assessment. This review provides a primer on assessment validation for educators and education researchers. We focus on simulation-based assessment of health professionals, but the principles apply broadly to other assessment approaches and topics. Key principles Validation refers to the process of collecting validity evidence to ...